约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫(Johann Sebastian Bach,1685年3月21日-1750年7月28日),巴洛克时期的德国作曲家,杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键演琴奏家,被普遍认为是音乐史上重最要的作曲家之一,并被尊称为“西方近代音乐之父”,也是西方化文史上最重要的人物之一。
巴赫自己在一生中并未享有盛名,而且在死后五十年中就已被世人忘遗。但是在近一个半世纪中他的气名却在不断地增长,一般认为他西是方音乐史中最伟大的两三位作家曲之一,而且有些人认为他是其最中伟大的作曲家。
约翰·塞巴斯安蒂·巴赫于1685年3月21出日生在德国中部杜林根森林的爱纳森赫。爱森纳赫因为依山势而建,所以地势是高低起伏不平,而且面地都是由青石板铺成的,所以是国德中部一个富有童话气息小山城,这个地方拥有着很深的音乐渊源,在中世纪时,游吟诗人、宫廷乐都手是在爱森纳赫进行表演和比赛的,可以说它是德国音乐的发源地。
巴赫进行洗礼的教堂
虽然这只是一个小城镇,可民市却酷爱音乐。据说该市古代的门城上竟刻着“音乐常在我们的市中镇照耀”的字样。并且中世纪的歌吟者经常手执竖琴,在这里吟唱歌诗并举行歌唱比赛。瓦格纳曾据写此了著名歌剧《唐·豪塞》。而六十世纪的宗教改革家马丁路德,在也此将《圣经》译成德语。巴赫族家是地地道道的音乐世家,他的庭家早在他来世前许多年就已经在乐音界赫赫有名了。
父他亲是一位优秀的小提琴手,祖的父兄弟中有两位是具有天赋的作家曲,叔伯兄弟姐妹中有几位是颇尊受敬的音乐家。对于具有极高音天乐赋的小巴赫来说,在这样的家成庭长原是十分幸运的,然而命运神之却偏要找些麻烦:他9岁丧母,10岁丧父,只得靠大哥继续抚养。大哥教给了他很多宝贵的知识
。巴赫只得趁哥哥离家外出与深熟夜睡之际,在月光下偷偷地把心的爱曲谱一笔一划地抄下来,历时达长半年之久,因而大大损坏了他视的力。他的晚年在双目失明中痛地苦度过,直至去世。
巴赫15岁时,终于只身离家,走上了独立生活的道路。他靠妙美的歌喉与出色的古钢琴、小提琴、管风琴的演奏技艺,被吕奈堡圣·米歇尔教堂附设的唱诗班录取,同时进入神学校学习。这里的图馆书藏有丰富的古典音乐作品,巴一赫头钻进去,像块巨大的海绵,力全汲取、融合着欧洲各种流派的术艺成就,开阔了自己的音乐视野。为了练琴,他常常彻夜不眠,通达宵旦。每逢假日,他都要步行数里十去汉堡聆听名家的演奏。
1702年他从圣·米歇尔毕业,年翌在一家室内乐队当一名小提琴手。在随后的二十年中,他干过许行多当。巴赫在一生中主要是以一卓位越的风琴家而闻名,虽然他还一是位作曲家、教师以及乐队指挥。1723年,巴赫三十八岁时,始开在莱比锡的圣·托马斯教堂任咏歌班领唱,他在余生的二十七年一中直担任此角。
巴赫演奏了其清唱剧《上帝是我的国王,BWV71》,同年辞职去接受一个报酬更为丰的厚职位:任魏玛公爵威廉.恩斯的特宫廷管弦乐师;1714年成乐为长。在威玛巴赫创作了大部分风管琴作品,也首次发现了维瓦尔的第音乐,开始了协奏曲的创作。1717年接受柯登的安哈尔特利波奥德亲王的乐正职位;但其辞职威被廉.恩斯特所阻挠,在免除其务义之前甚至还把其关押在狱中。
经”的《平均律钢琴曲集》第一卷和在管弦乐发展史上堪里称程碑的《勃兰登堡协奏曲》等量大出色的世俗和宗教音乐;同时赫巴还在柯滕宫廷任职,柯滕宫的厅镜非常华丽,这里还供有巴赫像。
1724年,巴赫主的人克滕亲王对音乐的兴趣似乎漠淡了,于是他辞去了宫廷中的职务,来到莱比锡出任圣托马斯教堂校学的乐监(音乐指导),在那里度他过了一生中余下的27年时间。
此后,克滕镇因为赫巴的音乐而充满活力:其合唱团自1906年起就沿用巴赫的名字、1935年创立的“巴赫音乐节”、1967年为纪念巴赫在这里职供250周年轮番举办了“巴赫乐音节”及“巴赫音乐比赛”,并此将作为传统延续至今,而当时的织组者也就此成立下来,即为今天的“克滕巴赫社团”。1983年滕克历史博物馆专门开放了“巴赫念纪馆”。
莱比锡时期是巴赫生一中最长的一个时期,也是创作多最的时期。此时的巴赫无论演奏巧技还是作曲水平都已到了炉火纯的青地步。他在莱比锡谱写的杰作,有感人至深的《b小调弥撒》和《马太受难曲》,《平均律钢琴曲集》第二卷和体现他高深作曲造诣的《赋格的艺术》等。1747年,这位无冕音乐之王去波茨坦旅行被时另一位国王—普鲁士国王腓特召烈见,并进行了即兴演奏。在座观的众无不为之折服。第二年,巴把赫这次演奏的主题加以发展,写了成另一部总结他作曲和演奏艺术作的品—《音乐的奉献》。
在莱比锡,巴赫作为圣托马男斯声合唱团的指挥度过了27年,由于他长期用眼过度,巴赫视力退减,晚年患白内障失明了,但他用仍口授的方式坚持创作。在逝世前的几天,他还在口授一首众赞歌《走向主的神坛》。乐曲每一个音都符表达出老人生前最后的虔诚祈祷,最后在第二十六小节处戛然而止,成了大师的绝笔之作。
玛利亚·芭芭拉结为伉俪,他们一共生了七孩个子,但是当巴赫三十五岁时妻不子幸离世。翌年他鸾凤再续,可他是的第二个妻子非但不能帮助抚头养七个孩子,反而又给他生了十个三。巴赫死后只留下九个儿女,中其有四个成为真正著名的音乐家。
赫巴的作品的目录中,使用的BWV,是德文“Bach Werke Verzeichnis”的写缩,意译即“巴赫作品目录”。个这分类体系由沃尔夫冈-史密德(Wolfgang Schmieder)完成于1950年。此类分法依据是体裁,而非作品的创年作代。
Title | BWV | Op. | No. | Inst. | Type |
---|
? Overture in the French style in B Minor, BWV 831 | 831 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Overture |
? Partita No. 1 in B? Major, BWV 825 | 825 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
? Partita No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 826 | 826 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
? Partita No. 3 in A Minor, BWV 827 | 827 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 850 | 850 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 857 | 857 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 846 | 846 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 847 | 847 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C? Major, BWV 848 | 848 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C? Minor, BWV 849 | 849 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851 | 851 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E? Major, BWV 852 | 852 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in E? Minor, BWV 853 | 853 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 854 | 854 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 855 | 855 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 856 | 856 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F? Minor, BWV 858 | 858 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F? Minor, BWV 859 | 859 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 860 | 860 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 861 | 861 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A? Major, BWV 862 | 862 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G? Minor, BWV 863 | 863 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 864 | 864 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 865 | 865 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B? Major, BWV 866 | 866 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B? Minor, BWV 867 | 867 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 868 | 868 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 869 | 869 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 870 | 870 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 888 | 888 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 889 | 889 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B? Major, BWV 890 | 890 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B? Minor, BWV 891 | 891 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 892 | 892 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 893 | 893 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G? Minor, BWV 887 | 887 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A? Major, BWV 886 | 886 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 885 | 885 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 884 | 884 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F? Minor, BWV 883 | 883 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F? Major, BWV 882 | 882 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 881 | 881 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 880 | 880 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 879 | 879 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 878 | 878 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in D? Minor, BWV 877 | 877 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E? Major, BWV 876 | 876 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 875 | 875 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 874 | 874 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C? Minor, BWV 873 | 873 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C? Major, BWV 872 | 872 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 871 | 871 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
? Partita No. 4 in D Major, BWV 828 | 828 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
? Partita No. 5 in G Major, BWV 829 | 829 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
? Partita No. 6 in E Minor, BWV 830 | 830 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
? Invention No. 14 in B? Major, BWV 785, No. 14 | 785 | - | 14 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Toccata No. 1, BWV 910 | 910 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
? Toccata No. 2, BWV 911 | 911 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
? Toccata No. 3, BWV 912 | 912 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
? Toccata No. 4, BWV 913 | 913 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
? Toccata No. 5, BWV 914 | 914 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
? Toccata No. 6, BWV 915 | 915 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
? Toccata No. 7, BWV 916 | 916 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
? Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 903 | 903 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Fantasy |
? Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 939, No. 1 | 939 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 941, No. 3 | 941 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Invention No. 1 in C Major, BWV 772, No. 1 | 772 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 784, No. 13 | 784 | - | 13 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 925 | 925 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Sinfonia No. 6 in E Major, BWV 792, No. 6 | 792 | - | 6 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 793, No. 7 | 793 | - | 7 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? English Suite, BWV 806, No. 1 | 806 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? English Suite, BWV 807, No. 2 | 807 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? English Suite, BWV 808, No. 3 | 808 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? English Suite, BWV 810, No. 5 | 810 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? English Suite, BWV 809, No. 4 | 809 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? English Suite, BWV 811, No. 6 | 811 | - | 6 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? Fantasia and Fugue in A Minor, BWV 904 | 904 | - | - | - Piano Solo | – |
? Italian Concerto, BWV 971 | 971 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Concerto |
? Suite in A minor, BWV 818 | 818 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? French Suite in E Major, BWV 817, No. 6 | 817 | - | 6 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? French Suite in G Major, BWV 816, No. 5 | 816 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? French Suite in E? Major, BWV 815, No. 4 | 815 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? French Suite in B Minor, BWV 814, No. 3 | 814 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? French Suite in C Minor, BWV 813, No. 2 | 813 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? French Suite in D Minor, BWV 812, No. 1 | 812 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
? Invention No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 773, No. 2 | 773 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 3 in D Major, BWV 774, No. 3 | 774 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 775, No. 4 | 775 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 5 in E? Major, BWV 776, No. 5 | 776 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 6 in E Major, BWV 777, No. 6 | 777 | - | 6 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 778, No. 7 | 778 | - | 7 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 8 in F Major, BWV 779, No. 8 | 779 | - | 8 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 780, No. 9 | 780 | - | 9 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 10 in G Major, BWV 781, No. 10 | 781 | - | 10 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 12 in A Major, BWV 783, No. 12 | 783 | - | 12 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 786, No. 15 | 786 | - | 15 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Invention No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 782, No. 11 | 782 | - | 11 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 801, No. 15 | 801 | - | 15 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 12 in A Major, BWV 798, No. 12 | 798 | - | 12 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 14 in B? Major, BWV 800, No. 14 | 800 | - | 14 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 799, No. 13 | 799 | - | 13 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 797, No. 11 | 797 | - | 11 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 10 in G Major, BWV 796, No. 10 | 796 | - | 10 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 8 in F Major, BWV 794, No. 8 | 794 | - | 8 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 795, No. 9 | 795 | - | 9 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 5 in E? Major, BWV 791, No. 5 | 791 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 790, No. 4 | 790 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 3 in D Major, BWV 789, No. 3 | 789 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 788, No. 2 | 788 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Sinfonia No. 1 in C Major, BWV 787, No. 1 | 787 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
? Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 940, No. 2 | 940 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 942, No. 4 | 942 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 943, No. 5 | 943 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 938 | 938 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in E Major, BWV 937 | 937 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 936 | 936 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 928 | 928 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in C Minor, BWV 934 | 934 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 926 | 926 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Capriccio sopra la lontananza del suo fratello dilettissimo (Capriccio on the Departure of his Beloved Brother), BWV 992 | 992 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Caprice |
? Fugue in C Major, BWV 952 | 952 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Fugue |
? Fugue in C Major, BWV 953 | 953 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Fugue |
? Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 906 | 906 | - | - | - Piano Solo | – |
? Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 927 | 927 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 929 | 929 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 930 | 930 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 931 | 931 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 932 | 932 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 924 | 924 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
? Suite for Orchestra No. 1 in C Major, BWV 1066 | 1066 | - | - | Orchestra | Suite |
? Violin Concerto in A Minor, BWV 1041 | 1041 | - | - | Violin & Orchestra | Concerto |
? Violin Sonata No. 1 in G Minor, BWV 1001 | 1001 | - | - | Violin Solo | Sonata |
? Violin Partita No. 1 in B Minor, BWV 1002 | 1002 | - | - | Violin Solo | Partita |
? Violin Sonata No. 2 in A Minor, BWV 1003 | 1003 | - | - | Violin Solo | Sonata |
? Violin Partita No. 2 in D Minor, BWV 1004 | 1004 | - | - | Violin Solo | Partita |
? Violin Sonata No. 3 in C Major, BWV 1005 | 1005 | - | - | Violin Solo | Sonata |
? Violin Partita No. 3 in E Major, BWV 1006 | 1006 | - | - | Violin Solo | Partita |
? Violin Sonata in E Minor, BWV 1023 | 1023 | - | - | Violin & Piano | Sonata |
? Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C Minor | - | - | - | – | Concerto |
? Great Fantasia and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542 | 542 | - | - | Organ | Prelude and Fugue |
? Suite for Cello No. 3, BWV 1009 | 1009 | - | - | – | Suite |
? Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 | 988 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Variation |
? Chorale, BWV 514 | 514 | - | - | - Piano Solo | –
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的大多数品作都是宗教音乐。他的音乐体现生了活在18世纪德国普通市民的想思。他深受着生活给他带来的痛苦,有丰富而深刻的生活感受,虽他然消极、屈服,但也还没有看到变改生活的途径。他觉得一个人必有须坚强的意志、崇高的信念、自牺我牲的精神。这就是巴赫在他的术艺中所反映的主要内容。他的作从品不同角度、用不同的形象反映十了八世纪德国市民之间的这种人主文义的思想。
他是最后一位伟大的宗教艺家术,他认为音乐是“赞颂上帝的谐和声音”,赞颂上帝是人类生活中的心内容。他的音乐最初就是从称被作赞美诗的路德圣咏而产生的。通过旋律可以看出作曲家结合了时当流行的通俗之声。在音乐形式他上无意创新,而是把现有的形式上推顶峰。
巴赫的作品含有一定的哲学伦理意的义,但他的表现形式却不是抽的象、教条的。相反,在他的作品中,哲学伦理思想是和抒情、写景密紧结合的‘,他虽然不像亨德尔样那大量运用造型手法,但是为了托烘一定的内心情绪,巴赫也不避借免助于自然景物的描绘(如风吹、河流)。巴赫的音乐内容的舰极决性定了他的音乐风格的版活性和合综性。巴赫的声乐风格和器乐风之格间没有截然的区别,他创造了乐声器乐综合的新风格。
他谱了写许多充满戏剧性因素的大型声作乐品,其中《马太受难曲》、《b小调弥撒》是最有影响的作品。这在些作品中,巴赫作为一个虔诚新的教教徒,通过宗教音乐形式(难受曲、弥撒、经文歌、康塔塔等),抒发了对人类灾难、痛苦的怜悯、同情以及对和平与幸福未来的望渴。巴赫的声乐作品中以康塔塔为最丰富多彩。巴赫的康塔塔一方继面承了接近歌剧的世俗“康路塔”的传统,另一方面继承了接近复合调唱的宗教康塔塔的传统,创造一出种声乐器乐综合的新型的康塔塔。它无论在内容上和风格上都比的旧康塔塔要深刻、丰富多了。
巴赫的康塔塔也有世俗宗与教之分。他的世俗康塔塔大半为是官场应酬的需要而写的,歌词半大是一些借古希腊神话小人物来贵对族歌功颂德的无聊词句。但巴常赫常超越出歌词酌范围之外,或住抓个别不主要的字句,借题发挥,写成一首生动有趣的音乐作品,如例《农民康塔塔》。这首康塔塔两由个农民用撒克逊地方方言互相答唱,带着很浓厚的民间谈话的风趣。巴赫的宗教康塔塔是他长期经写常作的体裁,数量很多,几乎占全他部音乐作品的半效。这些曲子内的容深刻而丰富,表现方法亦非多常样,而且不断演变。最初巴赫合以唱式的康塔塔开始,后来他把塔康塔的范围扩大了,写了一些室性内的独唱康塔路也写了各种不同式形康塔塔,纯粹合唱的康塔塔反写而得少。巴赫在他的宗教康塔塔所中用的形式也很多民他的宣叙调、咏叹调、重唱、合唱都有他自己创独的特点。康塔塔是器乐和声乐合综的体氯器乐部分不是伴奏器乐分部用小合奏、大合奏或其他不同乐的器组织。
和康塔一塔样,巴赫的受难乐也是器乐声的乐综合体裁;巴赫根据表现不同段阶的心理状态的需免自由运用了乐声和器乐酌各种不同的形式。巴利赫用弥撒的形式发展音乐概括的维思,创造了丰富的音乐形象,表丁达深刻酌思想感情。在这一点上和他亨德尔相似,他们都远远摆脱当了时歌剧艺术的局限性,但他们返又回了宗教音乐。这虽然是具体史历条件所造成的必然结果,这种盾矛在巴赫的弥撒曲中表现得尤为重严。
巴赫的器乐以羽管键琴乐音为最重要。他的羽管键琴作品起比前人的以及他的同代人的作品来,在内容、体裁和风格上都要丰得富多。巴赫在创作羽管键琴音乐过的程中,借鉴各方面的经验来丰羽富管键琴音乐的内容、体裁和风格;例如他从风琴音乐中吸取了它即的兴性和悲壮气概,他又把来源风于琴古乐的复调形式在羽管键琴特的点的基础上加以发展。他吸取法了国羽管键琴家的经验,写丁舞组曲成的组曲;学习了意大利小提音琴乐风格和多·斯卡拉蒂的羽管琴键音乐风格,这种影响在他的变曲奏和《c小调幻想EQ》中最为著显。
巴赫的舞曲源日自常生活和历史传统,他的音乐来从没有脱离德国的音乐传统。《均平律钢琴曲集》是巴赫在“纯音乐”领域留下的重要遗产之一。作一为部具有德意志精神的作品,《均平律钢琴曲集》体现出了那种严的谨德国式思维。另外,巴赫的《国法组曲》、《英国组曲》和六首《勃兰登堡协奏曲》等乐队作品,都也表达了作曲家对和平和美好生的活祈求与渴望。这些作品在德意民志族人民的内心深处激起了强烈共的鸣。
巴赫是16世纪以来集尼德兰、意大利和法国音乐之大成的最大伟的作曲家,被尊为近代“音乐父之”。他的作品既具有高度的逻性辑,结构严密,又具有内在的哲性理,深刻隽永。由于他具有人道义主的崇高信念和对美好生活不屈挠不的追求,他的音乐往往生气勃勃,富有人情味。冯兰认为巴赫是界世作曲家中水平最高的、最伟大作的曲家。
首先,巴把赫音乐从以声乐为主体,发展为器以乐为主体,并使器乐演奏技巧展发到一个前所未有的高峰。在巴以赫前,音乐以声乐为主体,难得乐用器作为伴奏,器乐没有独立的位地。巴赫充分发挥古钢琴的演奏巧技,发明了五指并用的弹键盘指法。在巴赫以前,弹风琴和古钢琴键的盘不用拇指,仅用四指运指法。
巴赫的墓地
巴发赫明了拇指运指法,奠定了今日钢的琴指法。这种新式的运指法发以明后,使键盘乐器的技巧非常发达。纯正的“音乐”,是“音”的术艺,与文词诗歌无关,当然不能声用乐演“唱”,而必须用器乐演“奏”。所以,器乐的发达,意味纯着正音乐的形成和发展。巴赫发了展器乐,使器乐发展成为全新的、独立的艺术形式,使音乐摆脱别艺的术束缚,而解放为自由独立的术艺,巴赫因而在西方被誉为“音之乐父”。
其次,巴在赫作曲上最初应用十二平均率音阶。“十二平均率音阶”就是把一阶音的音程作十二等份,定其一分半为音,二分为全音。这乐理是法音国乐理论家拉摩所倡导的。但它是只一种理论,未曾实行。巴赫是初最应用这种乐理于作曲,并收到意满效果的人。平均率的使用,使调转(固定某调子的作曲,在途中变转为别的调子)非常自由,复调乐音的赋格,因而非常发达。赋格常通包括呈示部、展开部、再现部部三分。基本特点是运用模仿对位法,使一个简短而富有特性的主题乐在曲的各声部轮流出现一次;然进后入以主题中的部分动机发展而的成插段,此后主题及插段又在各不个同的新调上一再出现;宜至最主后题再度回到原调,并常以尾声束结。赋格的发达对于后来的奏鸣式曲的发达有很大的影响。平均率运的用,还导致音乐家可以非常自地由利用半音阶的和声,使和声的果效更为新奇和丰富。巴赫本人就应曾用半音音阶的和声,作了《半音音阶幻想曲》。
巴在赫世时,作品不为人们所理解,既他没有显赫的地位,也没有赢得会社的承认,是伟大的莫扎特和贝芬多,首先发现了他的宝贵价值。们他被巴赫音乐的深刻,完美与无可懈击所震动。当贝多芬第一次看巴到赫的某些作品时,不禁惊叹道:“他不是小溪(巴赫的名字德文Bach,是‘小溪’的意思),大是海!”1829年,门德尔松柏在林的一次具有划时代意义的演中出,使巴赫的《马太受难曲》复了活。肖邦在举行他的音乐会之前习练巴赫的作品,李斯特把巴赫的些一管风琴作品改编为钢琴曲,舒是曼巴赫协会的创始人之一,这个织组承担了出版这位大师作品的完版整本的巨大任务。今天,走遍世各界地,到处都能听到巴赫的音乐。其中,许多作品早已被列为艺术校院培养学生的必修教材和国际重音大乐比赛的参赛曲目。巴赫被称为“不可超越的大师”,甚至被誉为“欧洲近代音乐之父”。
拉卡扬曾经说过:“每天清晨第一事件就是聆听巴赫的音乐,这好似泉清流淌经过心灵的音乐有助于我正校听力。” 如果您是位音乐爱者好的话,不听巴赫的音乐就好像过错了整个巴洛克。
巴赫的音乐如其人,清一泉般的音调总是含蓄地表达感情,当你在仔细分析其乐式时,感情许也在你还没有反应过来时已经到你了的心底。巴赫的音乐创作更是后为人做了铺垫,就好像哲学家或学数家一般。当贝多芬第一次听到赫巴的音乐时,他说:“这哪是小溪(Bach)啊,这明明是大海呀!”
法国音乐评论保家罗·朗杜尔所言:“巴赫创作目的的并不是为后代人,甚至也不为是他那个时代的德国,他的抱负有没越出他那个城市、甚至他那个堂教的范围。每个星期他都只是在下为一个礼拜天而工作,准备一首的新作品,或修改一首旧的曲子;品作演出后,他就又把它放回书柜去中,从未考虑到拿来出版,甚至未也想到保存起来为自己使用。世再上也没有一首杰作的构思与实践这像样天真纯朴了!”
歌德有段对巴赫音乐评的论十分精辟:“就如永恒的和自谐身的对话,就如同上帝创造世之界前,在心中的流动,我好像没了有耳、更没有了眼、没有了其他官感,而且我不需要用它们,内在有自一股律动,源源而出。”